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investigate subsurface.

The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a geophysical survey technique that relies on the emission of electromagnetic waves into the ground to detect the reflections from objects within the subsurface.

Electrical Survey techniques are based on the use of a multi-electrode array in measuring the electrical resistivities as a function of depth or position of the surveyed ground.

Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) relies on the study of surface waves in the ground. It evaluates ground stiffness by measuring shear-wave velocity (Vs) of subsurface in 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D for various types of geotechnical engineering projects

Refraction seismology deals with the investigation of refracted wave seismic velocities. Refraction seismology sections enable us to define different geological layers based on the and velocity variations within the subsurface.

The Parallel Siesmic (PS) test is an non-destructive method that is applied to know the length of piles.

The downhole seismic test method makes direct measurements of compression (P) or shear (S) wave velocities, or both, in a borehole passed through soil or rock.

The crosshole seismic test measures compression (P) or shear (S) wave velocities, or both between closely spaced boreholes.

In conventional crosshloe seismic test,there is only one ray path considered for each shot to compute the velocity informtion vertically. Whereas, in tomography multiple ray paths are considered for each shot to derive the velocity variation both vertically and horizontally.

Borehole magnetometry deals with the detection of metallic objects buried in the subsurface like steel piles, UXO, other manmade structures etc..It involves logging of local magnetic anomalies by using a borehole magnetometer closer to the suspected metallic object.

There is no “silver bullet” to detect all the underground utilities below the ground. This is possible only through Subsurface Utility Engineering (SUE) which incorporates several detection methodologies like GPR, electromagnetic pipe/cable locators, metal detectors, acoustic pipe tracers, etc..

We at GS&C offer geophysical consultancy services to clients within Singapore and overseas by recommending the most reliable survey techniques that will accurately solve their engineering problems in the construction industry.